Mustafa Kemal Atatrk Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mustafa Kemal Atatrk - Research Paper Example Due to this decision, Turkey, under leadership from Mustafa, fought with three different enemies- The French, Greek and Armenian forces. He was able to defeat the Armenian forces and the Greeks due to heavy influx of arms and gold from the Russian Bolshevik government. The Greeks were able to extend their occupation of Ottoman land by a considerable extent up until Mustafa Kemal pushed the forces back and eventually launched an all-out attack, made effective due to the complacency on the part of the Allies towards his growing hold over their captured territories. Unfortunately, the Armenian genocide is one blotch on Mustafa’s military record. Under the Treaty of Sevres, the Armenian population was given certain safeguards to lands claimed by them. However the Allies, knowing fully well that the Armenians would need support until they could rebuild and develop, left the people to their own devices. Kemal then breached the frontier, forced the Armenians to renounce their claims for Turkish-Armenia, break the treaty of Sevres and even cede Russian Armenian districts (Hovannisian). The atrocities conducting by Mustafa Kemal’s ruling party, through the trio of Enver, Cemal and Talat Pasha (Freedman) will forever stain his record. On the fateful day of the 29th of October 1923, the Republic of Turkey was presented to the world and with it, Mustafa Kemal Attaturk the first president of the newly born state. He then set about the task of modernizing the state of Turkey, with economic, social and political reforms that were loosely based on the successful Western states. The most noticeable, and first reform he issued, was that of the ideology of the state. Mustafa Kemal believed in the... This research paper talks about Mustafa Kemal Ataturk as great person who make a huge mark on history of Turkey. His surname, Atatà ¼rk (meaning "Father of the Turks"), was granted to him in 1934 and forbidden to any other person by the Turkish parliament. Mustafa Kemal was a military officer during the Italo-Turkish War and have won in a famous battle at Libya against the massive forces of the Italians. He later fought in the Balkan Wars and was promoted to colonel for his service to the Ottoman Empire. His second finest success on the battlefield was in World War I when he was commander of the 19th division and managed to hold off the British army. But for most Turks nowadays, Mustafa Kemal’s finest moment on the field was his leadership role in the War of Independence. On the historic day of the 29th of October 1923, the Republic of Turkey was presented to the world and with it, Mustafa Kemal Attaturk the first president of the newly born state. He set about the task of modernizing the state of Turkey, with economic, social and political reforms. The most noticeable, and first reform he issued, was that of the ideology of the state. Mustafa Kemal believed in the right of total independence and sovereignty. Thus he rejected the ideals of fascism and totalitarianism, and went forward with the removal of the interference by religion, on the state’s affairs- secularism. In fact theories propose that Turkey’s current standing among other Muslim Majority states is due to its split from the Sharia form of law (Kuran).

Small-Business Opportunities Available Today Essay

Small-Business Opportunities Available Today - Essay Example (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business). There are certain types of difficulties faced by such businesses due to their small size. One of the most common reasons for bankruptcy is undercapitalization. This is mainly due to the bogus arrangement and not the financial circumstances; meaning that any business should have enough amount of money to run that business and a certain criteria is set up. If the required isn't done, then the company can suffer from bankruptcy. Along with the fact of having good amount of capital, the proprietor of the small business should have a good knowledge of gross margin, which are "sales minus variable costs." In order to work appropriately and efficiently, the business is required to achieve a standard of sales having gross margin surpass the "fixed costs." In United States, few of the important small business proprietors are in the field of "insurance costs, rising energy costs and taxes." While in United Kingdom and Australia, small business possessors are more into the field "with excessive governmental red tape." It can be a complicated task for a fresh and developing business to gain trust of customers. To overcome this complication, some associations like Better Business Bureau and the International Charter are proposing Small Business Certification, "which certifies the quality of the services and goods produced and can encourage new and larger customers." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business). Comparing and Contrasting Two Small Business Firms The two small business companies which will be compared in this report are two different finance corporations running in United States. The first one is Southwestern Business Financing Corporation, operating in State of Arizona and Contiguous States. The second one is Chesapeake Business Finance Corporation operating in Kent and Sussex Counties. About the Firms Southwestern Business Financing Cooperation is a classified, non-profit company that gives "small businesses with long-term loans for owner-occupied fixed assets." This company is one of the two corporations of Arizona which is endorsed by the U.S Small Business Administration to create the SBA 504 loan to small businesses for construction of gigantic utensils from "$ 125,000 to $ 10,000,000." This company offers a "long-term, fixed-rate financing" with a decreased down payment. From the time when it was founded, SBFC has financed the purchase or building of over $500 million of buildings for small businesses. (http://www.swbfc.com/mission.cfmpagename=mission). Chesapeake Busines

Arguments For And Against Organic Food Environmental Sciences Essay

Arguments For And Against Organic Food Environmental Sciences Essay The organic industry has grown rapidly over the last decade particularly in the agricultural sector; today, over thirty million hectares are being organically managed in 118 countries (Yusuf Wilber, 2007). Organic products are made using biological and ecological farming techniques which exclude the use of pesticides and fertilizers; in addition, these products are characterized by a strong brand image which means that they command higher prices among retailers. On the other hand, inorganic products are characterized by monocultures, mechanization, and extensive use of chemical compounds in order to produce them. The inorganic product industry developed primarily as a consequence of technological advancement the Second World War; during this period, major breakthroughs such as the Haber Bosch process were used to promote the development of organic produce. The organic industry has many benefits over its inorganic counterpart; research published by the Journal of Applied Nutrition (2001) revealed that organic food products have more nutrients than inorganic foods this is due to the fact that organically grown food contains sixty three percent more calcium, seventy three percent more iron, eighteen percent more magnesium and ninety eight percent more zinc minerals. According to the Journal of Food and Agricultural Chemistry (2003), organically grown strawberry, corn and marionberries have considerably greater levels of anti cancer oxidants than inorganically grown food products. The research further suggests that inorganic methods such as the use of herbicides and pesticides inhibit the growth of natural protective compounds in food such as anti ageing, anti immune, and anti cancer properties. The European Clinical Nutrition Journal (2008) found that the average level of nutrients in eleven organically produced products was almost twice as high compared to inorganically produced products. Therefore in the long run if the country chooses to enhance and promote the organic industry it will lead to several benefits such as reduced fertilizer, machinery and fuel cost; organic practices will also earn the industry a significant amount of carbon credits which they can trade in the carbon credit market (Kipper, 2001). The endorsement of organic industry in the economy will also encourage organic labeling. This kind of certification will enable consumers to have confidence in organic products; improve record-keeping in order to maintain organic certification and create an opportunity for both producers and consumers to understand organic certification standards. Unlike inorganic products which lack clear accreditation standards, organic certification and accreditation ensure that the organic industry adheres to high quality product standards. This certification system has two major components: 1.A code of conduct, standards, criteria and guidelines for product certification. 2. Monitoring mechanism which assures that inorganic products are produced in accordance with certification principles. Organic industries also prevent long distant transportation of food; the average distance covered in transporting organically produced products is over 1800 miles while that of transporting inorganic products is 2500 miles Therefore inorganic industries consume a lot of energy and fossil fuels which leads to high carbon dioxide emissions. (FAO, 2002), on the other hand, ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s relatively cheap to transport organic products since they are often produced near the consumers. The endorsement of organic industry and organic products will lead to three forms of biodiversity i.e. genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity and species diversity. This will dramatically improve the environment. According to Evans and Grice (2005) organic industries reduce green house emissions by over forty percent which slows down global warming effects. Another benefit which will result in supporting organic industries is long term productivity and food security. According to FAO (2003), organic farming has a higher potential of ensuring food security in both developed and developing countries. Rundgren (2006) published an objective analysis of the contribution of organic industries to food security. He summarized that although inorganic industries can be used to solve food insecurity issues, its capital intensive and depends on chemical inputs which tend to reduce biodiversity. On the other hand, organic industries can tremendously increase food production without causing environmental degradation or loss of biodiversity. A study conducted by The Centre for Disease Control (2009) revealed that inorganic industries produce many toxic chemicals which often result to contamination of water supplies. These toxins have tested positive in blood and urine test of most citizens. In addition, the Centre for Disease Control found a cocktail of toxins and synthetic chemicals in most living organisms. Peer reviewed research has proven that most of these chemicals can disrupt nervous and immune systems, as well as disruption of hormone levels. The FAO report (2002) clearly states, à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"It has been proven that foods produced using organic methods have lesser levels of synthetic chemicals, lower nitrate content and lower veterinary drug residue. Animal feeding practices used in organic livestock production drastically decreases contamination of animal origin products.à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  p .119 . In light of these facts, promoting the growth of organic industries will prevent these problems as well as curb the escalating rise in cancers such as leukemia, lymphorma, uterine and breast cancers which are linked to synthetic chemical use. Similarly, the advancement of organic industries and products will curb the spread of autoimmune industries caused by inorganic chemical compounds. Surveys conducted in regions which undertake intensive organic practices have found that cases of Hodgkinà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s lymphoma disease are almost inexistent on the other hand cases of the same disease is fast growing in regions which have many inorganic industries as well as regions undertaking inorganic practices. Another benefit of adopting organic industries is the development of diversified landscapes as well as aesthetic values (Haltom Scalia, 2002). These industries also encourage the creation of semi natural habitats by maintaining biological connectivity which benefits both nature and agricultural conservation while still pursuing economic objectives. Its can therefore be accurately concluded that organic industries lead to greater aesthetic gains when compare to inorganic industries. Adoption of organic practices and industries offer greater social benefits than inorganic ones. For example, all organic products which have been certified meet International Organic Federation standards. These industries also conform to UN charter of human rights thus they ensure that they have safe working environments; abide by International Labor Organization laws; provide essential social security needs to employees and offer equal opportunities as well as adequate wages regardless of gender, creed and color. Accredited organic industries ensure the rights of indigenous people are respected and rarely are they involved in lawsuits due to exploitation of inhabitants, in the long run these industries provide a lot of social benefits. According to FAO (2002) the general social benefits which are directly linked to organic production systems are: First, tendency for these industries to align to traditions of inhabitants and less motivation to follow production paradigm i.e. increasing output via artificial inputs. Secondly, they depend on local knowledge of intricate interactions of conditions from place to place; this usually makes it unfavorable to use large production areas. This encourages reduced land and farm sizes thus enhance equitable access to land. The endorsement of organic industry in the economy also promotes social justice and fair trade products this is particularly done through fair trade certification of organic produce. Organic certification considers reasonable wage in its standards thus ensuring that all certified organic industries are aligned with principles of fair trade. Furthermore, research conducted by the US bureau of Labor Statistics reveals that eighty six percent of firms in the organic industry have favorable gender distribution as well as promote women representation in senior management positions. Organic industries also stimulate the local economy by using local inputs and reduce the purchase of inputs on credit; this is in sharp contrast to inorganic industries which use imported inputs. Many firms in the organic agricultural industry use crop diversification, different harvesting and planning schedules related to crop rotation practices which evenly distribute labor demand throughout the year. They also ensure stability in employment, reduce labor migration problems, spread the costs incurred per employee throughout the year and reduce turnover. Finally, diversity in production created by organic industries and value added products boost income generating opportunities; they also spread the odds of failure over a broad range of products and crops. The US Society for Cultural Development, a private nonprofit organization conducted research and noted that over seventy certified organic firms had were members of democratic cooperatives and adhered to fair trade requirements. The study revealed that over eighty six percent of the firms paid employees salaries which had social premiums in order to improve quality of life. In addition, the organic movement has a consensus in support of the fact that social requirements are necessary even though many critics argue that pursuing these social standards impose trade barriers and restrictions to organic exports. Loir (2002) studied forty indicators of benefits of organic industry and products in US counties. A statistical comparison and analysis showed that twenty six indicators were in favor of organic systems while eight favored organic systems, six were neutral. The studies suggest that regions with organic farms have better farm economies and add more to county economies through net revenue, total sales, maintenance services, repair, payroll and taxes paid. Additionally, counties with many organic farms have better rural development support with greater direct consumer sales, higher worker pay and greater direct-customer sales. Organic industries also provide a mechanism for generating foreign exchange. Unlike inorganic industries which tend to import inputs, organic industries export more of their produce especially when they are internationally certified. In addition, international organic markets such as the European Union, Switzerland and Japan have well developed infrastructure and channels for successful exportation. Unlike inorganic products which usually have one channel of selling distribution, inorganic industries have many players such as foreign offices, foreign retail supermarket chains, organic marketing organizations etc. The premium connected to organic farming greatly benefits the economy as a whole. This premium has been estimated to as much as twenty percent above that of inorganic products. In conclusion, the growth of organic industries and products will continue to outpace that of its inorganic counterpart. Attractive premium prices in the lucrative export market, social and environmental benefits will continue to boost organic firms. Governments and state support are also likely to promote organic systems through legislating certification, export and market advice, development and research. State institutions and private corporations are increasingly admitting that it might be more cost effective to promote and encourage organic systems rather than rectify problems caused by inorganic industries e.g. environmental degradation.

The Caribbean Identity Essay -- Culture Caribbean History Cultural Ess

The Caribbean Identity The way in which Benà ­tez-Rojo and Mintz tackle the question of Caribbean identity in their articles, is a removed, objective ideal, in contrast to Michelle Cliff’s portrayal of Jamaican identity. Cliff’s portrayal touches the heart and soul of Caribbean identity. While Mintz and Benà ­tez-Rojo are investigating trends in the Caribbean as a whole, from an outside perspective, Cliff offers the personal, tactile imagery of what it is to live in the Caribbean, utilizing the objective account of history as a background. Furthermore, Cliff deals with Jamaica, one island in the Caribbean, while Mintz and Benà ­tez-Rojo are dealing with the Caribbean on a grand scaled overview. The fact is neither article can be taken as complete truth. In fact, although Cliff uses history in her novel, I believe the account of history from someone who has completely accessed the interior of a place, is always going to be biased. Likewise, Mintz and Benà ­tez-Rojo in making their hypothes es, are lacking an insider’s view. It is the difference between a Caribbean person and Caribbeanist, respectively. Therefore, while on a logical level, an analytical level, Benà ­tez-Rojo and Mintz’s, conclusions as to Caribbean identity could rightly be accepted, these two authors do not possess the experience and intensity to make me as a reader, convinced of their conclusions. Benà ­tez-Rojo and Mintz do utilize imagery in their texts. For example, Benà ­tez-Rojo quotes E. Dovergier as a manner of displaying with images what he has attempted to explain regarding rhythm as being the unifying factor of Caribbean culture. Part of this description reads, "the buyers buzz around like a swarm of flies; they haggle, they gesticulate, they laugh, they babble ... ...er, it seems to be in Jamaica specifically, the elite and ruling class are never going to understand what it was like to be a slave or possibly never admit that it was wrong to encourage slavery. Those who were slaves or relatives of slaves, understand the horrors associated with slavery and will not be able to forgive completely the naivity and self involvement on the part of elite in continuing slavery. For as Clare says, although emancipation eventually came, as well as official freedom of Jamaica from Britain, there is no essence of complete freedom. Bibliography Antonio Benà ­tez-Rojo, The Repeating Island (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1992) Michelle Cliff, Abeng (New York: Penguin, 1995; orig. 1984). Sindney W. Mintz, â€Å"The Caribbean as a Socio-Cultural Area,† in M. Horowitz, Peoples & Cultures of the Caribbean (Garden City, N.J., 1971).

Speech on the Importance of Co-curricular Activities in School by R Jain

It happens more than sometimes that a student who has consistently shown in studies does less well later on in life than a student who has always been academically mediocre. The reason is not, necessarily, that the former has not lived up to expectations, or that the latter has all the connections that count. Often it is just a case of the mediocre rising to excellence because he has had the good luck of finding himself. Albert Einstein, Leo Tolstoy and Rabindranath Tagore were not considered particularly bright prospects in school, but nevertheless took the world by storm. Obviously, academics is only one yardstick of a student’s ability.At the school level, it is presently the most important yardstick and will probably continue to be so in the foreseeable future. It is generally agreed that an educated person is required to have grounding in certain specified areas of knowledge that may be termed as ‘basic subjects’. Over and above that, though, a good school wi ll offer a wide variety of supplementary or co-curricular activities involving games, music, art, literature, photography, the computer, and what have you. The more varied and better organised these activities are, the greater are the chances of a student succeeding in discovering himself.What does that mean? It means finding out what one likes doing, what one is good at and what one would like to develop one’s skills in. It is not impossible for this to turn out to be a fairly long drawn-out trial-and-error process. A student may begin by trying his hand at painting and find himself lacking; he may then move on to debating and discover he is worse at it; he may then have a shot at acting, but in vain; finally, he may find his metier in creative writing. He starts writing stories and poems and getting appreciation for and feedback on them. It makes him a happier, more motivated, and more energetic person.He may have been an indifferent student, but now, because his self-estee m has risen and he is more confident of himself, he attains a higher rank in class as well. It is not necessary that he should go on to become a famous writer. The very fact that he has confidence in himself now will make a world of difference to how he goes about life and what he does with it. It is up to him to seek out suitable avenues for the expression of his creativity, but once that is done, that initial act of self-discovery in school will prove to be one of the most positive turning-points in his life.What today is called ‘co-curricular’ was yesterday known as ‘extra-curricular’. The change in wording is significant and reveals recognition of the worth of non-academic pursuits in education. That one does not need to sit in ‘examinations’ in most co-curricular activities is a factor that makes them more enjoyable than classroom study; however, that may also be the very reason why a section of students don’t take them seriously en ough.More and more colleges and organisations have begun to look beyond the school-leaving and graduation and post-graduation certificates while deciding whom to take in and whom to leave out during admission or employment, and a good co-curricular track record may well give one an edge over a rival candidate who has no such background. This development, also, should further the worthy cause of co-curricular activities.

Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming Essay

The average global temperature has risen about 0.50C in the last century, and scientists expect another increase of 1 to 40C in the next 100 years due to increasing pollution in our atmosphere. Greenhouse Effect: * Greenhouse gases allow the passage of incoming solar short-wavelength radiation but absorb some of the reflected infrared radiation and reradiate it back to the Earth’s surface. * Energy is then reradiated in the lower atmosphere causing an increase in temperature and climatic change. Hence, contributing to global warming. http://www.wwnorton.com/college/chemistry/gilbert2/contents/ch09/studyplan.asp Greenhouse Gases: 1. Water (H2O) 2. Carbon dioxide (CO2) 3. Methane (CH4) 4. Nitrous oxide (N2O) 5. CFCs 6. Ozone (O3) Greenhouse Gas Sources: Greenhouse Gas Human Sources Natural Sources Water 1.Combustion of hydrocarbons 1.Evaporation of oceans and lakes Carbon dioxide Burning of- 1.Fossil fuels 2. Forest fires 3. Wood 4. Waste. 1.Respiration. 2.Decay of organic matter. 3.Natural forest fires Methane 1.Cattle farming 2.Rice paddies 3.Petroleum 4.Natural gas production Decay of organic matter- 1.Swamps 2.Marshes Nitrous oxide 1.Use of nitrogen based fertilizers. 2.Combustion of biomass. 1.Bacterial Action CFCs 1.Refrigerants 2.Propellants Ozone 1.Secondary pollutant in photochemical smog’s Greenhouse Gas Effects: Greenhouse gas effects depend on both their concentration (abundance) in the atmosphere and on their ability to absorb heat radiation. However, each molecule has its own type of bond, they each absorb at slightly different frequencies and wavelengths. Gas Heat trapping effectiveness compared with CO2 Overall contribution to increased global warming. Water 0.1 >1% Carbon dioxide 1 50% Methane 30 18% Nitrous oxide 150 6% CFCs 2000 12% Ozone 10,000 – 25,000 14% 1. Water= has the most over all contribution to global warming as it has a high concentration. 2. Carbon dioxide= is the most important green house gas as contributes 50% to global warming and has second largest concentration. 3. CFCs= are thousands of times better at absorbing heat/ infrared radiation than CO2 – BUT they have a lower concentration; hence, their effect is limited to 14%. Greenhouse effect is determined by: * Concentration of chemical * Lifespan of chemical. * Ability to absorb infrared radiation * Intensity of absorption * Number of wavelengths absorbed depends on the molecules bonds. ‘Atmospheric Window Region’ = is the region within the spectrum through which radiation can escape. Example: Methane and CFCs have a greater greenhouse factor than CO2 and H2O because they absorb in the ‘atmospheric window region’. CFC fills this window. Methane is 30x more effective in its green house effect as it has 4 C-H bonds, which means it can absorb more at a certain frequency. Influence of Gases on Global Warming: 1. Increase in temperature by about 0.5 degree. 2. Increase in precipitation 3. Rise in sea levels- melting of glaciers/ ice caps/ thermal expansion of water 4. Changes in crop yields 5. More severe droughts 6. More floods and storms 7. Changes in distribution of pathogens and insects (e.g. malaria). Influence of Particulates on Temperature: 1. Particulates= volcanic dust. 2. It scatters and reflects incoming sunlight (UV and visible) so less solar radiation can enter the atmosphere. 3. It lowers atmospheric temperature as provides condensation nuclei around which water particles condense to form clouds reducing solar heating. 4. Volcanic eruptions & forest fires- increases number of particulates.

The Best Career Advice from Richard Branson

The Best Career Advice from Richard Branson Ever wonder how Richard Branson founded Virgin at the age of 20 and went on to own an unheard of eight different billion-dollar companies- all without a business degree? Well, now you can find out. Here are 10 of Branson’s best suggestions for how to achieve success, starting with his number one suggestion for 2017.1. Always write things down.What good are good ideas when you don’t remember them after you’ve had them? Don’t forget your best ideas. Keep a notebook handy and write every single one of them down! To-do lists also fall under this advice. Don’t let anything important (or potentially important) fall through the cracks.2. Love what you do.If you don’t love it, you probably should find a way not to do it. Building a business takes every ounce of everything you’ve got. Don’t waste all that energy on something that isn’t enjoyable to you even a little.3. Make a splash.You need to be seen out there in your industry a nd in the world. You have to go out and sell yourself, appear in print, travel, and otherwise be visible. Meet as many people as you can and loop them all into your massive network.4.  Brand yourself with care.When choosing your brand and name, make sure that name represents everything you want your brand to say. Pick a name that matches how you want the world to see your product. It’s worth the extra time and effort brainstorming.5. Understand that risk is necessary.Every business requires taking risks. Take smart ones, rather than trying to avoid any risks at all. Playing it safe won’t get you far.6. Don’t forget the second impression.We all know how important the first impression can be. But the second shouldn’t be forgotten. Once you bring in a customer, make sure their second impression is so good that you hang onto them for life.7. Perfection is a mirage.Nothing and no one is ever 100% perfect. There is always room for improvement. Embrace this an d use it to push yourself ever further.8. Go where no one else has gone.Venture into uncharted territory. Figure out what hasn’t been done or thought of yet, and do that thing. Find the hole in the market and fill it. Spark new ideas and innovation and stay on the cutting edge.9. Start using â€Å"we.†You want all employees to be using the word â€Å"we† to describe their company and their relationship to their work. An absence of this is a sign that management and those down the chain of command aren’t communicating, and aren’t on the same page.10. Know that everyone isn’t a born leader.Managers and leaders bring the best out in people, and communicate extremely effectively. Not everyone does this well. If you found a company but don’t find yourself suitable for management, appoint people to manage- it’s okay!